Like as an Approximative Adverb in Formal Quantificational Contexts in Nigerian English Usage

Abstract

Some of the occurrences of like in Nigerian English usage reveal diverse linguistic dimensions that are different in forms and functions from conventionally known discourse markers. This study investigates the use of like as an approximative adverb in the formal speech situations of selected educated Nigerians with the aim of highlighting the implications that this speech mannerism may hold for English usage in Nigeria. The study adopts Labov's variability theory which explains language variation in relation to social variables. Relevant data on the use of like were drawn from purposively sampled radio and television programmes. Qualitative data were subjected to sociolinguistic analysis while quantitative data were analysed, using frequency count. Findings revealed the occurrence of like as a substitute for the approximative adverb – about. There were structures which showed the occurrence of like alone as a substitute for about; like occurring after for; and like co-occurring with about either side by side or at some point within the sentence or utterance. There were more occurrences of like as a substitute for about in the speech samples of the graduate participants than there were in those of the undergraduate participants. English usage in formal contexts by educated Nigerians reveals that like has an extended meaning in formal contexts as a synonym for the approximative adverb – about – a pattern which is unacceptable in formal English usage.