Determination of selected Antimalarial Pharmaceuticals in Water from two Hospital Environments in Abeokuta Ogun State- Nigeria Using SPE-LC
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46881/ajsn.v3i0.59Keywords:
Pharmaceutical, Water, Antimalarial, Emerging-Contaminants, Solid-Phase-Extraction, HPLCAbstract
The emerging contaminants have been found in nano-gram and micro-gram quantities in waste, well and river water. Harmful effect of these compounds on aquatic organisms and man at very small quantities are still being investigated. This study aimed at using Solid-Phase-Extraction principles and HPLC analysis for determination and quantification of active anti-malarial drugs namely Sulphadoxine, Amodiaquine and Chloroquine in well water and two tap water collected around two hospital environments in Abeokuta-Ogun State, Nigeria. Samples were extracted using Solid-Phase-Extraction technique while quantification of the analytes were conducted using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The pharmaceutical with the least quantity was Chloroquine with 0.0058µg/ml in well water while the value of pharmaceutical found was 0.4516µg/ml for Sulphadoxine in tap water. Amodiaquine was not detected at all. The well water has more of the pharmaceuticals (Chloroquine and Sulphadoxine) than the tap water with 0.0058µg/ml and 0.4217µg/ml respectively. The method applied in this research confirmed that pharmaceuticals indeed occur in the water samples. But a more sensitive method where Solid-Phase-Extraction is combined with LC-MS/MS will be a more preferable method. The presence of the anti-malarial drugs in water may bring about resistance and may hamper government effort at eradicating malaria from Nigeria. The continuous presence of these drugs in water can constitute a significant environmental problem that should be addressed by the monitoring of these drugs and by implementation of methodologies that contribute to their decrease/elimination from water and wastewater generally. Establishing modern wastewater treatment devices which can conveniently remove pharmaceuticals in water before they are discharge into the environment is recommended as this will help to preserve our ecosystem at largeReferences
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