Occurrence of AMPC and Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamases in Salmonella SPP from Wastewaters and Groundwater of three Hospitals in Ogun State
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46881/ajsn.v4i0.68Keywords:
Salmonella spp. Groundwater, Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase, AmpC, Hospital wastewater.Abstract
The global burden of mortalities arising from Salmonella spp. displaying Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase and AmpC beta Lactamases is on the rise. This calls for renew attention to determine their presence in environmental samples. In this study, the prevalence of ESBL and AmpC beta Lactamases among Salmonella isolates from hospital wastewater and groundwater was investigated. A total of 48 samples (24 composite samples each of wastewater and groundwater) were analysed. Bacteria isolation was by standard microbiological procedure. Susceptibility to some conventionally used antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. Isolates of phenotypic screening for ESBL and AmpC-â-Lactamases production followed recommendations of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. A total of 68 Salmonella spp. were isolated with higher prevalence from hospital wastewater. Three species were found, Salmonella typhi (n=39), Salmonella paratyphi (n=19), and Salmonella choleraesu is (n=10). Resistance was displayed to six of the ten test antibiotics. Within this margin, resistance ranged between 0% and 4% to tetracycline and 38.5% and 71.4% to streptomycin among hospital and wastewater isolates respectively. ESBL producing isolates displayed multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (MARI) higher than non producers. ESBL production was detected in 7 (19.4%) of the isolates. None of the isolates showed AmpC activity. Both sampled environments were found to contain multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella spp. though only wastewater isolates harboured ESBL activity. Given the ease of dissemination of resistance determinants, observed outcomes constitute public health concern.
References
Adelowo, O .O.,Fagade, O. E. & Oke, A. J. (2008). Prevalence of co-resistance to disinfectants and clinically relevant antibiotics in bacterial isolates from three hospital laboratory waste waters in S o u t h w e s t e r n N i g e r i a . W o r l d J MicrobiolBiotechnol, 24:1993–1997.
Baudart, J., Lemarch & K., Brisabois, A & Lebaron, P. (2000). Diversity of Salmonella strains isolated from the aquatic environment as determined by serotyping and amplification of the Ribosomal DNA Spacer Regions. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 66(4): 1544–1552.
CDDEP, (2015). Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy.(2015). State of the World's Antibiotics, Washington, D.C.
Chandran, A., & Hatha, A. A. M. (2005). Relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium in a tropical estuary. Water Research, 39: 1397–1403.
Chaplain, K. P. & Lauderdale, T. (2003). Reagents, stains and
media 'In Murray P.R. Baron E. J Jorjensen J. H., Pfaller M. A. & Yolken R. H. (ed.). Manual of clinical Microbiology, 8th edition. ASM Press, Washington DC. P 358.
CLSI (2012). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplements. Document M100-S22. Wayne, PA.
Ekhaise, F. O & Omavwoya, B. P. (2008). Influence of hospital waste water discharged from University of Benin teaching hospital (UBTH), on its receiving environment. Africa Journal Applied Zoology and Environmental Biology, 10:56-60.
Gatica, J. & Cytryn, E. (2013). Impact of treated waste water irrigation on antibiotic resistance in the soil microbiome. Environmental Science Pollution Resources, 20(6): 3529–3538.
Grover, C. N., Sahni, B. A. K. & Bhattacharya, C. S. (2013). Therapeutic challenges of ESBLs & AmpC beta-lactamase producers in a tertiary care center. Medical Journal of Armed Forces, 69:4-10.
Guardabassi, L., Petersen, A., Olsen, J. E. & Daalsgard, A. (1998). Antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacteerspp isolated from sewers receiving waste effluents from a hospital and a pharmaceutical plant. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 9:3499-3502.
HPA, 2008.Health Protection Agency. Laboratory detection and reporting of bacteria with extended spectrum beta–lactamases. National standard method – SOP. Health Protection Agency London United Kingdom.51:22.
ISO: (2002). Microbiology general guidance on methods for the detection of Salmonella. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Julien, C K., Gabazé, G. A. A., Kouamé, K., Stephane K. K., Bernard, Y. O. & Mireille, D. (2014). The antibiotic resisting profile of Salmonellaspp. isolated from the sewage of the campus of the University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health,4(5):608-620.
Korzeniewska, E., Korzeniewska A. & Harnisz, M. (2013). Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in hospital and municipal sewage and their emission to the environment. Ecotoxicology Environmental, 91:96-102.
Krumperman, P. H. (1983). Multiple antibiotic indexing in Escherichia coli to identify risk sources of faecal c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n f o o d . A p p l i e d a n d Environmental Microbiology, 46:165-170.
Liggett, J. E. & Talwar, S. (2013). Groundwater Vulnerbility Assessments and Integrated Water Resource Management. Groundwater vulnerability assessment and integrated water resource management. Streamline Watershed Management Bulletin. 13(1): 18-29.
Lu, S., Zhany, Y., Geng, S., Li, X., Ye, X., Zhang, X. & Zhou, H. (2010). High diversity of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-producing bacteria in an urban river sediment habitat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76:(17)5972 - 5976.doi:10.1128/AEM.00711-10.
Mogasale, V., Maskery, B., Ochiai R. L., Lee J. S., Mogasale, V.V., Ramani E., Kim, Y.E., Park. & Wierzba T. F. (2014). Burden of typhoid fever in low-inccome and middle-inccome countries: a systemic, literature-based update with risk factor adjustment. Lancet, 2(10): 570-80.
Morris, B. L., Lawrence, A. R., Chilton, P. J., Adams B. B., Calow, R. & Klinck, B. A. (2003). Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation; A global assessment of the problem and options for management and options for management. Early Warning Report Services RS 3 – 3, UNEP, Nairobi.
Munir, M., Wong, K. & Xagoraraki, I. (2011).Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent of biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan. Water Resources, 45:681–693.
Navarro, A, & Carbonel M. (2007). Evaluation of groundwater contamination beneath an urban environment: The Besos River basin (Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Environment Management, 85:259-269.
Thomson, K. S. (2010). Extended-Spectrum-â-Lactamase, AmpC, and Carbapenemase issues. Journal of
Clinical Microbiology, 4(48): 1019-1025.
